Fill in the blamks Host–microbe interactions can be describes as either friends or foes. A biological or ecological relationship between organisms is called [ Select ] ["Competition", "Symbiosis", "Predation"] . Members of such relationship are called [ Select ] ["competitors", "predators", "symbionts"] . The fungus Penicillium which produces the antibiotic Penicillin, which inhibits nearby bacteria, but the bacteria have no effect ( neither harmed nor helped) on the fungus is an example of [ Select ] ["Parasitism", "Amensalism", "Pathogenicity"] [ Select ] ["Parasitism", "Commensalism", "Mutualism"] is the relationship in which both symbionts benefit. The relationship where hair follicle mites which live on your skin without causing measurable harm to you is called [ Select ] ["Commensalism", "Parasitism", "Metabolism"] , where one organism benefits while the other remains unaffected . [ Select ] ["Commensalism", "Mutualism", "Parasitism"] is the relationship where one benefit from its host while harming it, and if it the harmful organism causes disease it is called called a [ Select ] ["prey", "pathogen", "competitor"] . When the injury from an infectious agents sufficient to interfere with normal functioning of the body, this state is termed [ Select ] ["mortality", "infection", "morbidity"] . [ Select ] ["mortality", "Infection", "morbidity"] is the invasion of a pathogen; disease results only if the pathogen multiplies sufficiently to adversely affect the body. Epidemiology is the study of the timing, location, and transmission of diseases within populations. The [ Select ] ["prevalence", "incidence", "abscence"] is the number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population in a given period of time, while the [ Select ] ["coincidence", "incidence", "prevalence"] is the total number of cases in a given area or population in a given period of time. A disease that normally occurs continually at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or area is said to be [ Select ] ["pandemic", "endemic", "epidemic"] to that population or area. Whenever a disease occurs at a greater frequency than normal for a population or area, it is said to be [ Select ] ["epidemic", "pandemic", "endemic"] . A [ Select ] ["epidemic", "pandemic", "endemic"] is an epidemic occurring simultaneously on more than one continent. Epidemiologists employ three different approaches to study disease in populations. [ Select ] ["Descriptive epidemiology", "Analytical epidemiology", "Experimental epidemiology"] seeks to determine the probable cause of a disease, its mode of transmission, and possible means of prevention. [ Select ] ["Analytical epidemiology", "Experimental epidemiology", "Descriptive epidemiology"] is the careful recording of data concerning a disease; it often includes detection of the the first case of the disease in a given area or population called the [ Select ] ["final case", "index case", "terminating case"] . [ Select ] ["Experimental epidemiology", "Descriptive epidemiology", "Analytical epidemiology"] involves testing a hypothesis concerning the cause of a disease. Infectious diseases can be classified by time course and severity. [ Select ] ["Acute diseases", "Chronic diseases", "Latent diseases"] are those in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before producing signs and symptoms. [ Select ] ["Chronic diseases", "Acute diseases", "Subacute diseases"] develop rapidly but last only a short time, either resolving or causing death of the host. [ Select ] ["Chronic diseases", "Acute diseases", "Subacute diseases"] develop slowly but are continual or recurrent. [ Select ] ["Acute diseases", "Subacute diseases", "Chronic diseases"] have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic. Infectious diseases are also classified as [ Select ] ["Noninfectious", "Noncommunicable", "communicable"] if they come from another infected host, or as [ Select ] ["Noninfectious", "Contagious", "Noncommunicable"] if they are easily transmitted between hosts. [ Select ] ["Noncommunicable", "Communicable", "Virulent"] infectious diseases are those that are not transmissible directly from one person to another. Disease can be transmitted by numerous modes. [ Select ] ["Vehicle transmission", "Droplet transmission", "Direct contact transmission"] of infectious disease involves person-to-person spread by bodily contact. [ Select ] ["Vector transmission", "Indirect contact transmission", "Airborne transmission"] occurs when pathogens are spread from one host to another via fomites, inanimate objects inadvertently used to transfer pathogens. [ Select ] ["Vehicle transmission", "Droplet transmission", "Bodily fluid transmission"] is a third type of contact transmission: pathogens can be transmitted via droplet nuclei that exit the body during exhalation, sneezing, and coughing and travel less than 1 meter. [ Select ] ["Vehicle transmission", "Vector transmission", "Fomite transmission"] is the spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food as well as bodily fluids handled outside the body. [ Select ] ["Fecal-oral infection", "Airborne transmission", "Foodborne transmission"] involves the spread of pathogens farther than 1 meter to the respiratory mucous membranes of a new host via an aerosol, a cloud of small droplets and solid particles suspended in the air. [ Select ] ["Airborne transmission", "Fomite transmission", "Waterborne transmission"] is important in the spread of many gastrointestinal pathogens, such as giardiasis, and cholera. [ Select ] ["Indirect contact transmission", "Fecal-oral infection", "Airborne transmission"] is a major source of disease in the world, as certain worms and enteroviruses shed in the feces enter the gastrointestinal system. [ Select ] ["Vector transmission", "Airborne transmission", "Foodborne transmission"] involves pathogens in and on foods that are inadequately processed, undercooked, or poorly refrigerated. [ Select ] ["Vector transmission", "Bodily fluid transmission", "Foodborne transmission"] can occur when blood, urine, and other fluids are handled outside the body. [ Select ] ["Fomites", "Vectors", "Aerosols"] are arthropods that transmit diseases from one host to another. [ Select ] ["Droplet nuclei", "Biological vectors", "Sneezing, and coughing"] not only transmit pathogens but also serve as hosts for the multiplication of a pathogen during some stage of its life cycle. [ Select ] ["Droplet nuclei", "Biological vectors", "Mechanical vectors"] are not required as hosts by the pathogens they transmit-they passively carry pathogens to new hosts on their feet or other body parts. Following infection, a sequence of events called the disease process occurs. In many cases, this process consists of five stages. The [ Select ] ["Illness period", "convalescence period", "incubation period"] is the time between an infection and occurrence of the first symptoms. The [ Select ] ["convalescence period", "prodromal period", "incubation period"] if present, is a short time preceding illness of generalized, mild symptoms, such as malaise. Note that not all infectious diseases have a prodromal stage. [ Select ] ["Illness period", "prodromal period", "Decline period"] is the most severe stage, when signs and symptoms are most evident. [ Select ] ["incubation period", "Decline", "prodromal period"] is the stage during which the patient’s body gradually returns to normal as the immune response and any medical treatments vanquish the pathogen. During [ Select ] ["prodromal period", "incubation period", "convalescence period"] the patient recovers and tissues are repaired. A patient may be infectious during every stage of disease.

In Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation, what method of gene transfer are we using?

We use 10% hydrogen peroxide to wipe down our lab benches at the end of each period. What category of chemicals does this belong to?

If your partner forgot the safranin in the Gram stain procedure, what would happen?

In Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation, what were we introducing into our host strain?

The limits of resolution of atomic force microscopes is in the range of

1. Paul Ehrlich created the first drug that was produced using a modern pharmaceuticalapproach. His drug was highly effective against syphilis, although it had terrible sideeffects and occaisonally killed the patient. What was this product?

). Which pathway do trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole target?

Which DNA stain are we using in Lab 7: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis?

- To understand the importance of identification of bacteria and its relevance to applied microbiology today. - To be able to use the phenotypic tests learnt in previous practical sessions to identify bacterial isolates to species level using the RMIT identification tables. -To understand the basis of the biochemical reactions tests and what they tell us about the metabolism of the investigated bacterium.